A. Ethical and Legal Aspects | 1. patients’ rights | a. informed consent (*e.g., written, oral, implied) | b. confidentiality (HIPAA) | c. American Hospital Association (AHA) Patient Care Partnership (Patients’ Bill of Rights) | 1. privacy | 2. extent of care (e.g., DNR) | 3. access to information | 4. living will, health care proxy, advance directive | 5. research participation |
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| 2. legal issues | a. verification (e.g., patient identification, compare order to clinical indication) | b. common terminology(e.g., battery, negligence, malpractice, beneficence) | c. legal doctrines (e.g., respondeat superior, res ipsa loquitur) | d. restraints versus immobilization |
| 3. ARRT Standards of Ethics |
| B. Interpersonal Communication | 1. modes of communication | a. verbal/written | b. nonverbal (e.g., eye contact, touching) |
| 2. challenges in communication | a. interactions with others | 1. language barriers | 2. cultural and social factors | 3. physical or sensory impairments | 4. age | 5. emotional status, acceptance of condition |
| b. explanation of medical terms | c. strategies to improve understanding |
| 3. patient education | a. explanation of current procedure (e.g., purpose, exam length) | b. pre- and post-procedure instructions (e.g., preparations, diet, medications, discharge instructions) | c. respond to inquiries about other imaging modalities | d. communication with patient during procedure |
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| C. Physical Assistance and Monitoring | 1. patient transfer and movement | a. body mechanics (e.g., balance, alignment, movement) | b. patient transfer techniques |
| 2. assisting patients with medical equipment | a. infusion catheters and pumps | b. oxygen delivery systems | c. other (e.g., nasogastric tubes, urinary catheters, tracheostomy tubes) |
| 3. routine monitoring | a. vital signs | b. physical signs and symptoms | c. fall prevention | d. documentation | e. sedated patients | f. claustrophobic patients |
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| D. Medical Emergencies | 1. allergic reactions (e.g., contrast media, latex) | 2. cardiac/respiratory arrest (e.g., CPR) | 3. physical injury, trauma, or RF burn | 4. other medical disorders (e.g., seizures, diabetic reactions) |
| E. Infection Control | 1. chain of infection (cycle of infection) | a. pathogen | b. reservoir | c. portal of exit | d. mode of transmission | | e. portal of entry | f. susceptible host |
| 2. asepsis | a. equipment disinfection | b. equipment sterilization | c. medical aseptic technique | d. sterile technique |
| 3. CDC Standard Precautions | a. hand hygiene | b. use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, gowns, masks) | c. safe handling of contaminated equipment/surfaces | d. disposal of contaminated materials | 1. linens | 2. needles | 3. patient supplies | 4. blood and body fluids |
| e. safe injection practices |
| 4. transmission-based precautions | a. contact | b. droplet | c. airborne |
| 5. additional precautions | a. neutropenic precautions (reverseisolation) | b. healthcare associated (nosocomial)infections |
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| F. Handling and Disposal of Toxic or Hazardous Material | 1. types of materials | a. chemicals | b. chemotherapy |
| 2. safety data sheet (e.g., material safety data sheets) |
| G. Pharmacology | 1. patient history | a. medication reconciliation (current medications) | b. premedications | c. contraindications | d. scheduling and sequencing examinations |
| 2. administration | a. routes (e.g., IV, oral) | b. supplies (e.g., needles) | c. procedural technique (e.g., venipuncture) | d. dose calculation | e. power injector | 1. fluoro-triggering | 2. timing bolus | 3. automatic bolus tracking |
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| 3. contrast media types and properties(e.g., gadolinium, linear versus macrocyclic, ionic versus non-ionic) | 4. appropriateness of contrast media to examination | a. patient condition | b. patient age and weight | c. laboratory values (e.g., BUN, creatinine, eGFR) |
| 5. complications/reactions | a. local effects(e.g., extravasation/infiltration,phlebitis) | b. systemic effects | 1. maild | 2. moderate | 3. severe |
| c. emergency medications | d. technologist’s response and documentation |
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